Hologram Manufacturers Association of India

Holograms have a wide area of application and have found a niche market in Security Printing, Brand Authentication, Packaging, Giftware, Stationery, and Promotion.

Some of the current applications are on:

SECURITY DOCUMENTS

• Bank cheques, bank drafts and guarantees,
• Certificates - mark sheets, degrees and diplomas, and gift etc.
• Credit cards, Voter’s and other ID cards, Social security cards, Membership cards, Stored value phone cards
• Financial & Surety instruments, Bonds and share certificates
• Higher value Postage stamps
• Passports and visas
• Tickets — sports events, concerts, lottery
• Travellers cheques, Currency notes – 33 countries are already using holograms on their currencies
• Valuable / Secret / Confidential/ Legal/ Government documents and envelopes,
• Vehicle registration and driving licenses, fare charts

PACKAGING

PROMOTION

MEDICAL HOLOGRAPHY

Many people are today involved in Propaganda against Holograms due to vested interests in technologies which more often than not are in no way better or a replacement for Holographic security against duplication, since, Holograms provide a direct means to the end buyer of the product to visually differentiate between Genuine & Fake goods or Papers. Manufacturers of RFIDs, Colour Changing Inks or such other security inks etc.

RFIDs are actually a means for anti-shoplifting use. Inks are OK, but literally any one having a screen printing facility & a small amount of such inks can duplicate the products secured by such inks only. However, it may be noted that such technology can be used in addition to holograms to multiply the overall security levels depending upon the threat perception of effort & expense a duplicator would go to duplicate a particular product.

The users also need to understand that the Hologram manufacturers can provide additional security features within their Holograms at the designing and developing stage for somewhat additional mastering costs. Most of them can also additinal features like sequential numbering, use of specialized inks visible under specific conditions etc., use of specific colour films (The colours of films can be ordered to be changed by the buyer at reasonable intervals with prior notice to their vendors of Holograms) & use of special films that leave behind a specific pattern if effort is made to tamper with the Hologram for Holograms needing very high levels of security. Obviously each additional feature has an associated cost.

The level of assurance against counterfeiting of Holograms is more THAN 99.9%. In most such cases reported, after investigations it was established that there were leakages of the original Holograms / Hologram shims from either the users premises or the Hologram vendors premises, which were used by the duplications on fake products. In some cases some counterfeiters have tried to obtain look alike Holograms from some unscrupulous stamping units on generic labels such look alike labels can be very easily identified, only by visual inspection. If need be help of the hologram manufacturers / associations can be obtained.

Case studies show that, even with the simplest of Holograms the level of duplication of the products / documents of the Hologram users have come down to less than 5% of what it used to be. In almost all cases the duplicators of hologrammed products/ documents were caught because of the differences noticed in the look alike Holograms by the marketing personnel of the user, the people in their supply chain & in some cases even by the general public. Besides, because of the eye catching property of the holograms and the increased customer confidence in the products with them, the Hologram users on an average have reported more than 15% growth in their sales over and above the normal market average increment.

1. International Chamber of Commerce: “According to the counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau (A division of the Paris Based International Chamber of Commerce) holograms are generally regarded as one of the leading over anti – counterfeiting technologies”.
2. Retd. IPS, Mr. JF Ribeiro: Comment on Uttar Pradesh Excise department for use of Hologram: “If holograms can be made water-tight, then no one can duplicate it. This, coupled with consumer awareness, will make holograms a very good remedy to fight counterfeit products, Mr. Ribeiro said.”
3. Financial News: ING BANK ROMANIA on launching of Euro: “The notes, ranging from E5 to E5000 in value, are equipped with sate-of-the-art features that make them not only extremely difficult to forge but also distinctive and easy to recognize.
4. “A Hologram is not possible to imitate or copy using common printing methods. A product stamped with holograms requires very complicated technology, which is owned by only a few companies in the world associated into the International Holographic Manufacturers Association (IHMA). This can be provided with additional security components. A hologram product operates in a secure regime. Source: www.holo.ru
5. As per Holography Market Plac. Ross Books Eighth Edition 1999; “Ad Industry Trade Journals have repeatedly reported successful and measurable results from companies using holograms in their advertising programs”.

The physical basics of holography are optics of waves, especially interference and diffraction. The first achievements are that of C. Huygens (1629-1694), who phrased the following principle: every point that is hit by a wave is the origin of a spherical elementary wave. Using the statement a lot of problems of diffraction can be calculated buy adding up the elementary waves. Important on the way of developing holography are also the works of 

Thomas Young (1733-1829) – Invented Double slit Experiment in (1801-1805)

Albert Michelson - invents the interferometer (1881) 

- A. J. Fresnel (1788-1827)
and J. Von Fraunhofer (1877-1926). Already at the beginning of the 19^th century enough knowledge was at hand to understand the principles of holography. A lot of other scientists were close to the invention of the method;
1. G. Kirchhoff (1824-1887)
2. Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919)
3. E. Abbe (1840-1905)
4. G. Lippmann (1845-1921)

G. Lippmann (Nobel Prize in Physics 1908, Lippmann photography developed. Natural color photography though the interference of light).

5. W. L. Bragg (1890-1971)
6. M. Wolfke and
7. H. Boersch
But it took until 1948 when Dennis Gabor (1900-1979) realized the basic ideas of holography.

Dr. Dennis Gabor – The Father of Holography
(b. 1900, Budapest – d. 1979, London)

Dr. Dennis Gabor was born in Budapest (Hungary) on 5^th June 1900. A Doctorate in electrical engineer and inventor, he received the 1971 Nobel Prize for his most notable invention HOLOGRAPHY invented in 1947. From 1949-67, he also developed a holographic microscope, a new electron-velocity spectroscope, an analogue computer which was a universal, non-linear ‘learning’ predictor, recognizer and simulator of time series, a flat, thin colour television tube; and a new type of thermionic converter.

1960 Theodore Maiman makes the first visible-light ruby laser.

Professor. Emmett Leith – The Man behind 3 D Holography
(b. March 12, 1927, Detroit-d. December 23, 2005, Canton)

In 1962, the theoretical aspects of this method were refined by Professor Emmett Leith and J. Upatnieks. They introduce the technique of diffuse illumination to demonstrate the first high-quality holograms of three-dimensional objects. “He is knows as the person who made practical holography possible”.

Professor Denisyuk

 
1962 Denisyuk produces the first white-light viewable hologram.1965 First paper on holographic interferometry published by Powell & Stetson.1967 DCG process developed for holography.1967 Larry Siebert of the Conductron Corporation makes the first hologram of a person.1967 World Book Encyclopedia published which includes the first mass-produced transmission hologram.

Stephen Benton (b. December 1, 1941 - d. November 9, 2003)

The Artist of Rainbow Holography
A great enthusiast, he will always be remembered for his distinct accomplishments & attributes. In 1968, while working in Polaroid Corporation he invented the White light (rainbow) transmission holography. A hologram visible to the naked eyes that uses common white light fused on film or glass. Benton’s holograms were eventually embedded into credit cards and driver’s licenses to provide protect against counterfeiting.

1970 Sandbox system developed by Pethick and Cross.1971 San Francisco School of Holography opens.1971 Dennis Gabor awarded the Nobel prize for holography.1972 “Kiss” Integral hologram developed by Lloyd Cross.  

1974 Hologram embossing developed.

1976 Museum of Holography opens in New York.

1979 Dennis Gabor the father & inventor of Holography died in London.

1983 First hologram appears on a credit card from MasterCard.

1984 First hologram appeared on a book - National Geographic puts rainbow hologram of an eagle on their cover.

1985 National Geographic puts larger rainbow hologram of a skull of early man on their cover.

1988 Full cover rainbow World Hologram featured in National Geographic.

1988 Photopolymer film developed by Polaroid. Allows very bright reflection holograms to be mass produced.

1992 Museum of

1993 MIT acquires complete collection of the Museum of Holography.

1993 International Hologram Manufacturers Association (IHMA) comes in existence.

1998 Hologram Manufacturers Association of India (HoMAI) was established in

2003 Stephen Benton, the artist of rainbow holography dies.

2005 Emmett Leith, Inventor of 3 dimensional holography died.

2005 The first color portrait hologram shot at Geola with HoloCam equipment and printed with a digital RGB printer.

2006 Yuri Denysiuk died.

2007 Geola’s digital holograms  named Synfograms - Synergetic Forms Writings.

WHAT IS HOLOGRAPHY? The physical basics of holography are optics of waves, especially interference and diffraction.  

“Definition of Holography”  - A method of recording (usually photographically) a three-dimensional image of an object. Normally laser light is used, but other radiations (including sound) can give holograms. The object is illuminated with laser light and the reflected light from the object is combined with direct light from the source, to give an interference pattern on a photographic plate. A three-dimensional image of the object is reconstructed by illuminating the interference pattern with the original light. The pattern includes information about phase and direction as well as intensity and color.  

Since their introduction on payment cards in the early 1980’s, holograms have become one of the most common overt or public security features on value documents and branded goods, their presence both indicating the authenticity of these items and providing a powerful deterrent to counterfeiting. Today, Holograms are used by more than 90 issuing authorities on nearly 250 bank notes denominations worldwide. They are used in many currencies such as EURO, Canadian Dollar, Brazilian Real, British Pound, Japanese Yen, South Korean Won etc. In

BOOKS AVAILABLE AT HOMAI LIBRARY
Practical Holography - Third Edition by Graham Saxby
Digital Holography    -  By U. Schnars & W. Jueptner

OTHER BOOKS ON HOLOGRAPHY
http://www.holograms.bc.ca/books.htm
http://www.amazon.com/Lasers-Holography-Winston-E-Kock/dp/048624041X
http://www.rossbooks.com/
http://astore.amazon.com/science-books-20/detail/0060922583
Homemade Holograms-The complete guide to Inexpensive, Do it yourself holography (TAB Books)
Innovations in Secure Documents
http://piranet.com
Journal of holography & Speckle
http://www.aspbs.com/johas/contents_johas2006.htm

BOOKS ON COUNTERFEITING 
Protecting Medicines & Pharmaceuticals: A manual of anticounterfeiting solutions
Source: http://pharma-anticounterfeiting.info

JOURNALS IN PHYSICS
New Journal of Physics
URL: http://www.iop.org/EJ/njp

Austrailan J. of Physics
URL: http://www.publish.csiro.au/?nid=79&aid=69

http://journalseek.net/cgi-bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?field=category&query=phys.misc
http://www.ias.ac.in/

Indian academy of sciences journals
Current Science
Journal of Chemical Sciences
Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences
Journal of Earth System Science
Sadhana (proceedings in engineering sciences)
Pramana - Journal of Physics
Journal of Biosciences
Bulletin of Materials Science
Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy
Journal of Genetics
Resonance - Journal of Science Education

JOURNALS IN OPTICS
1. Optics Express
Electronic, peer-reviewed, journal. Provides free access to full text articles
Url: http://www.opticsexpress.org/Issue.cfm
Url: http://journalseek.net/cgi-bin/journalseek/journalsearch.cgi?query=optics&field=allFields&editorID=&send=Go

Making the Artwork: Using computer graphics, the artwork is generated on the computer on the basis of a conceptual design, wherein certain parts of ‘the matter’ which the customer would like to appear in his hologram are recorded in the background (the bottom layer) and certain other parts in the foreground (the top layer).

Image Setting: Using the special cameras to make “the positive” and “the negative” of each layer from the camera – ready artwork.

Holographic Recording and Master Origination: Exposing “the positive” of each layer, one after the another, to laser light with the aid of specialized imaging devices such as specialized lenses and mirrors and recording the same on a surface of an ultra clean, photo sensitive and specialized glass plate, to originate “the Glass Master”.� At the end of this intricate and time – consuming process, the original two dimensional image of the artwork gets “transformed” into a “three dimensional” impression on the surface of “the glass master”, called the hologram.� The hologram will diffract the seven colours of the spectrum (colours seen in a rainbow) and will produce “the depth effect” or the three dimensional (3D effect, when it is in viewed from different angles under any type of natural or artificial light, thereby giving it an extraordinary visual appeal.� During holographic recording, secret information (e.g. code number can be recorded and concealed in one of the layers of the holograms to make it machine readable only (that is, under special lighting conditions and with the aid of special viewing instruments) in order to impart the inimitable “optical security feature” to the hologram.

“Uniqueness” is inherent in the very process of holographic recording.� If the same holographer but at two different points of time or if two different holographers but at the same point of time, were to carry out holographic recording from the “positive” of each layer, minute examination will reveal subtle differences between the two versions of the same hologram created by them.� Thus, it is impossible to make an exact replica of the hologram and therefore it is regarded as virtually impossible to copy.
Plate / Shim Making: Transferring the multi – coloured, three dimensional impression of the hologram from the surface of the glass master to the surface of a nickel plate to create “the nickel master”. (after this, the glass master cannot be used any further and has to be discarded).� By the same process and from “the nickel master”, additional nickel plates, also called “shims” are prepared for ultimate use in the embossing machine for mass production.

Embossing: Transferring the multi – coloured, three dimensional impression of the hologram from the surface of the shim to the surface of very thin, metallised polyester film, roll, through optimal application of heat and pressure.� A special chemical coating known as “Tamper Evident Coating” on the base of the polyester film imparts an important additional security feature to the hologram, to detect any attempt at its unauthorized removal from the surface of a product or of its packaging or of a document.

Adhesive – coating and lamination (only for pressure sensitive label only: The “embossed” roll is continuously coated on its reverse with a water – based pressure sensitive adhesive and dried and is thereafter continuously laminated with the silicon – coated surface of the release paper to make a laminated roll.
Die – Cutting: After lamination the laminated roll is then duly cut in the size and the shape as the hologram and the size and shape required by the customer in a very specialized and modern die – cutting machine.

Finishing: Removal of the un-embossed portions of the metallised polyester film from and side trimming of each sheet bearing several pieces of the hologram to make the sheet / spool uniform in size and facilitate removal of holograms, one by one from the surface of the sheet / spool.

The holograms are then finally passed through the quality control department, where each and every property of the hologram is thoroughly checked and finally these holograms are counted, packed and shipped.