Hologram Manufacturers Association of India

HOLOGRAMS TYPES, RANGE & TENCHNIQUES

TYPES OF HOLOGRAMS

• 2D/3D HOLOGRAMS are generated from conventional line artwork and give spatial effects with a vibrant colour change. 2D/3D holograms can be produced with two or three levels of depth and are ideal for corporate identity items, brand logos, slogans and symbols, and digitally-created illustrations
• 3D HOLOGRAMS: Laser-originated from models, still-life objects or living subjects, they give full-depth renderings of products, popular icons (e.g. cartoon characters and religious figures), symbols, logos, campaign mascots, rare artifacts, and small technical parts
• DOT MATRIX HOLOGRAM: The holographic image is made up of a series of dots or pixels. Each pixel or dot can diffract coloured light at a different angle. The image seems to be kinetic as it is moved and different regions of the image are illuminated. This is probably the fastest growing commercial use of holography today. The images made with this technique can be seen in any lighting conditions. Multi-layered and 3-dimensional effects are now possible.
• STEREOGRAM: Created from a film or video sequence, these animation holograms show full-colour, depth, and movement of living things, sceneries, computer-generated graphics or technical processes.

RANGE OF HOLOGRAPHIC LABELS TO SUIT ANY APPLICATION

• Tamper Evident,tamper proof & pressure-sensitive self-adhesive (or without adhesive) metalised & laminated polyester film (23-50 microns) or foil labels supplied in the form of pre cut sizes/shape in sheet or roll form. It’s a perfect marking, which self-destructs on being removed.
• Tamper Resistant Label for automatic in line application.
• Hot Stamping Foil for marking onto paper labels, board, plastic caps, documents, licenses, certificates, etc. - with different adhesives
• Induction Wads with hologram for authenticity & tamper resistance.
• Holographic Aluminum Foil: Ultimate in tamper resistance packaging for the pharma industry.
• Shrink Sleeve: Tamper resistant shrink sleeve with holographic stripe.

HOLOGRAPHIC PACKAGING (in roll/ pouch form in multi-layers)

• Holographic Film - for printing/ lamination and other flexible packaging applications - in a striking range of uniform repeating patterns in different weights & gauges
• Paper & Board - from ultra light 15gsm to 220gsm board, supplied in rolls or sheeted, with or without adhesive
• Polypropylene - in several gauges and widths, heat - seal grade, single/ sandwich layer lamination
• Polyester - from 12 micron for lamination to 50 micron for wet-glue and self-adhesive labels, twist wrap, ridged or flexible packaging, gift-wrap and display applications - pre-treated for easy handling and supplied in custom originated patterned and designs.
• Aluminum Foil.

PROMOTIONAL HOLOGRAMS ARE USED:

• for advertising & sales or brand promotion
• as give-away in trade fairs,
• on magazine/ brochure cover, and greeting cards etc.
• as mementoes/ keepsakes/ tokens,
• multi-coloured 3-dimensional images of gods/ goddesses/ deities, places of worship, monuments/ palaces/ edifices/ structures/ buildings of historical or archaeological importance

• Full-colour holograms on plate glass as exquisite exhibition pieces and presentation plaques.

  TECHNIQUES IN HOLOGRAPHY
  Dynamic holography
  The discussion above describes static holography, in which recording, developing and reconstructing occur sequentially and a permanent hologram is produced.
  There exist also holographic materials which don’t need the developing process and can record a hologram in a very short time. This allows to use holography to perform some simple operations in an all-optical way. Examples of applications of such real-time holograms include phase-conjugate mirrors (”time-reversal” of light), optical cache memories, image processing (pattern recognition of time-varying images), and optical computing.
  The amount of processed information can be very high (terabit/s), since the operation is performed in parallel on a whole image. This compensates the fact that the recording time, which is in the order of a µs, is still very long compared to the processing time of an electronic computer. The optical processing performed by a dynamic hologram is also much less flexible than electronic processing. On one side one has to perform the operation always on the whole image, and on the other side the operation a hologram can perform is basically either a multiplication or a phase conjugation. But remember that in optics, addition and Fourier transform are already easily performed in linear materials, the second simply by a lens. This enables some applications like a device that compares images in an optical way [3].
  The search for novel nonlinear optical materials for dynamic holography is an active area of research. The most common materials are photorefractive crystals, but also in semiconductors or semiconductor heterostructures (such as quantum wells), atomic vapors and gases, plasmas and even liquids it was possible to generate holograms.
  A particularly promising application is optical phase conjugation. It allows to remove the wavefront distortions a light beam receives when passing through an aberrating medium, by sending it back through the same aberrating medium with a conjugated phase. This is useful for example in free-space optical communications to compensate the atmospheric turbulence (the phenomenon that gives rise to the twinkling of starlight).

• Holographic memory
  Holography can be applied to a variety of uses other than recording images. Holographic data storage is a technique that can store information at high density inside crystals or photopolymers. As current storage techniques such as Blu-ray reach the denser limit of possible data density (due to the diffraction-limited size of the writing beams), holographic storage has the potential to become the next generation of popular storage media. The advantage of this type of data storage is that the volume of the recording media is used instead of just the surface.
  Currently available SLMs can produce about 1000 different images a second at 1024×1024-bit resolution. With the right type of media (probably polymers rather than something like LiNbO3), this would result in about 1 gigabit per second writing speed. Read speeds can surpass this and experts believe 1-terabit per second readout is possible.
  In 2005, companies such as Optware and Maxell have produced a 120mm disc that uses a holographic layer to store data to a potential 3.9 TB (terabyte), which they plan to market under the name Holographic Versatile Disc. Another company, InPhase Technologies, is developing a competing format.
• Digital holography
  Main article: digital holography
  An alternate method to record holograms is to use a digital device like a CCD camera instead of a conventional photographic film. This approach is often called digital holography. In this case, the reconstruction process can be carried out by digital processing of the recorded hologram by a standard computer. A 3D image of the object can later be visualized on the computer screen or TV set.
• Holography in art
  Salvador Dalí claimed to have been the first to employ holography artistically. He was certainly the first and most notorious surrealist to do so, but the 1972 New York exhibit of Dalí holograms had been preceded by the holographic art exhibition which was held at the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan in 1968 and by the one at the Finch College gallery in New York in 1970, which attracted national media attention.
  The Dalí Holograms were mastered in St. Louis, at the McDonnell Douglas Company who had just invested in a Ruby Pulse Laser and decided to, aside from meteorological purposes, make industrially oriented projection Holograms for presentations and trade shows. In London, Dalí assembled his models by hanging objects with wires inside of wooden frames. This technique allowed for overlapping and differences in depth.
  Since then the quality of the holograms has increased dramatically, mainly due to better holographic emulsions. As of 2007 there are many artists who use holograms in their creations.
• Electron holography
  Electron holography is the application of holography techniques to electron waves rather than light waves.
  Electron holography was invented by Dennis Gabor to improve the resolution and avoid the aberrations of the transmission electron microscope. Today it is commonly used to study electric and magnetic fields in thin films, as magnetic and electric fields can shift the phase of the interfering wave passing through the sample.
  The principle of electron holography can also be applied to interference lithography.
• Holographic theories of brain function
  An analogy between the distributed information in holograms and the distributed information in brains gave rise to a speculative idea termed holonomic brain theory.